Uburyo bwo gushyushya amashanyarazi

Umuyagankuba ni ibikoresho bizwi cyane byo gushyushya amashanyarazi.Ikoreshwa mu gushyushya, kubika ubushyuhe no gushyushya ibitangazamakuru bitemba na gaze.Iyo uburyo bwo gushyushya bwanyuze mucyumba gishyushya ubushyuhe bwamashanyarazi hifashishijwe igitutu, ihame rya fluid termodinamike rikoreshwa mugukuraho icyarimwe ubushyuhe bunini buturuka kubintu bishyushya amashanyarazi, kugirango ubushyuhe bwikigereranyo gishyushye bushobore guhura umukoresha ibisabwa mubuhanga.

Gushyushya Kurwanya

Koresha ingaruka ya Joule yumuyagankuba kugirango uhindure ingufu zamashanyarazi mumashanyarazi kugirango ibintu bishyushye.Mubisanzwe bigabanijwemo ubushyuhe butaziguye no gushyushya bitaziguye.Umuyagankuba w'amashanyarazi wa mbere ushyirwa mu buryo butaziguye ku kintu kigomba gushyuha, kandi iyo hari umuvuduko utemba, ikintu gishyuha (nk'icyuma gishyushya amashanyarazi) kizashyuha.Ibintu bishobora gushyuha bitaziguye bigomba kuba abayobora bafite imbaraga nyinshi.Kubera ko ubushyuhe buturuka mubintu bishyushye ubwabyo, ni ubushyuhe bwimbere, kandi ubushyuhe bwumuriro buri hejuru cyane.Gushyushya birwanya bidasubirwaho bisaba ibikoresho bidasanzwe bivangwa cyangwa ibikoresho bitari ibyuma kugirango bikore ibintu bishyushya, bitanga ingufu zubushyuhe kandi bikohereza mubintu bishyushye binyuze mumirasire, convection hamwe nuyoboro.Kubera ko ikintu kigomba gushyukwa hamwe nubushyuhe bugabanijwemo ibice bibiri, ubwoko bwibintu bigomba gushyuha ntabwo bugarukira, kandi imikorere iroroshye.
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mubushuhe bwo gushyushya bitaziguye muri rusange bisaba kwihanganira cyane, coefficente yubushyuhe buke bwo guhangana, guhindura ibintu bito ku bushyuhe bwinshi kandi ntibyoroshye kubyakira.Bikunze gukoreshwa ni ibikoresho byicyuma nka fer-aluminiyumu, nikel-chromium alloy, nibikoresho bitari ibyuma nka silicon karbide na molybdenum disilicide.Ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwibikoresho byo gushyushya ibyuma birashobora kugera kuri 1000 ～ 1500 ℃ ukurikije ubwoko bwibikoresho;ubushyuhe bwakazi bwibintu bitashyushya ibyuma birashobora kugera kuri 1500 ～ 1700 ℃.Iyanyuma iroroshye kuyishyiraho kandi irashobora gusimburwa nitanura rishyushye, ariko ikenera umugenzuzi wa voltage mugihe ukora, kandi ubuzima bwayo ni bugufi kuruta ubw'ibikoresho bishyushya.Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mu ziko ryubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ahantu ubushyuhe burenze ubushyuhe bwemewe bwo gukora ibintu bishyushya ibyuma nibihe bimwe bidasanzwe.

Gushyushya Induction

Umuyoboro ubwayo ashyutswe ningaruka zumuriro zakozwe numuyoboro uterwa (eddy current) wakozwe numuyobora mumashanyarazi asimburana.Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyushya ibintu, inshuro zogutanga amashanyarazi akoreshwa mubushuhe bwa induction zirimo inshuro zamashanyarazi (50-60 Hz), inshuro ndende (60-10000 Hz) hamwe numurongo mwinshi (hejuru ya 10000 Hz).Amashanyarazi yumuriro w'amashanyarazi ni AC itanga amashanyarazi akunze gukoreshwa mu nganda, kandi igice kinini cyamashanyarazi kwisi ni 50 Hz.Umuvuduko ukoreshwa mubikoresho byinduction ukoresheje amashanyarazi yumuriro wo gushyushya induction ugomba guhinduka.Ukurikije imbaraga z'ibikoresho byo gushyushya hamwe n'ubushobozi bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi menshi (6-10 kV) arashobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi binyuze muri transformateur;ibikoresho byo gushyushya birashobora kandi guhuzwa neza na 380-volt yumuriro w'amashanyarazi.
Amashanyarazi aringaniye yo gukoresha amashanyarazi yakoresheje interineti itanga intera ndende.Igizwe na moteri yumurongo wa interineti hagati na moteri itwara asinchronous.Imbaraga zisohoka muri ibyo bice muri rusange ziri hagati ya kilowati 50 na 1000.Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki, thyristor inverter intera intera intera itanga amashanyarazi yakoreshejwe.Uru ruganda ruciriritse rutanga amashanyarazi rukoresha thyristor kugirango ubanze uhindure ingufu zumurongo uhinduranya amashanyarazi muburyo butaziguye, hanyuma uhindure umuyoboro utaziguye uhinduranya umuyoboro ukenewe.Bitewe nubunini buto, uburemere bworoshye, nta rusaku, imikorere yizewe, nibindi byibi bikoresho byo guhinduranya inshuro, yagiye isimbuza buhoro buhoro imashini itanga amashanyarazi.
Amashanyarazi yumurongo mwinshi mubisanzwe akoresha transformateur kugirango azamure ibyiciro bitatu bya 380 volt voltage kuri voltage ndende ya volt 20.000, hanyuma akoreshe thyristor cyangwa silicon ikosora cyane kugirango akosore amashanyarazi ahinduranya amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi ataziguye, hanyuma ukoreshe umuyoboro wa elegitoroniki oscillator kugirango ukosore ingufu zumuriro.Umuyoboro utaziguye uhindurwamo inshuro nyinshi, imbaraga nyinshi zisimburana.Imbaraga zisohoka mubikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi menshi cyane kuva kuri kilowati icumi kugeza kuri kilowati magana.
Ibintu bishyushye na induction bigomba kuba abayobora.Iyo umuyoboro mwinshi uhinduranya umuyaga unyuze mu kiyobora, uwuyobora atanga ingaruka zuruhu, ni ukuvuga ko ubucucike buri hejuru yubuso bunini, kandi ubucucike buri hagati rwagati ni buto.
Gushyushya induction birashobora gushyushya icyarimwe ikintu muri rusange hamwe nubuso bwubuso;irashobora gushonga ibyuma;mumurongo mwinshi, hindura imiterere ya coil yo gushyushya (izwi kandi nka inductor), kandi irashobora gukora ubushyuhe bwaho.

Ubushuhe bwa Arc

Koresha ubushyuhe bwo hejuru butangwa na arc kugirango ushushe ikintu.Arc nikintu cyo gusohora gaze hagati ya electrode ebyiri.Umuvuduko wa arc ntabwo uri hejuru ariko umuyoboro ni munini cyane, kandi numuyoboro wacyo ukomeye ukomezwa numubare munini wa ion wahindutse kuri electrode, bityo arc ikagerwaho byoroshye numurima wa rukuruzi ukikije.Iyo arc ikozwe hagati ya electrode, ubushyuhe bwinkingi ya arc burashobora kugera kuri 3000-6000K, bukwiranye nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gushonga ibyuma.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwo gushyushya arc, butaziguye kandi butaziguye gushyushya arc.Umuyoboro wa arc wo gushyushya arc utaziguye unyuze mubintu bigomba gushyuha, kandi ikintu kigomba gushyuha kigomba kuba electrode cyangwa igikoresho cya arc.Umuyoboro wa arc wubushyuhe butaziguye arc ntunyura mubintu bishyushye, kandi ushushe cyane nubushyuhe butangwa na arc.Ibiranga ubushyuhe bwa arc ni: ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa arc ningufu zegeranye.Nyamara, urusaku rwa arc ni runini, kandi ibiranga volt-ampere ni ibintu biranga kurwanya nabi (ibiranga ibitonyanga).Kugirango ugumane ituze rya arc mugihe arc yashyutswe, agaciro ako kanya k'umuzunguruko wumuzunguruko uruta arc-itangira voltage agaciro mugihe arc ihita irenga zeru, kandi kugirango ugabanye umuyaga mugufi, résistoriste yagaciro runaka igomba guhuzwa murukurikirane mumashanyarazi.

Gushyushya amashanyarazi

Ubuso bwikintu burashyuha mugutera hejuru yikintu hamwe na electron zigenda kumuvuduko mwinshi munsi yumuriro wamashanyarazi.Ibyingenzi byingenzi byo gushyushya amashanyarazi ni amashanyarazi ya electron, azwi kandi nka electron.Imbunda ya electron igizwe ahanini na cathode, condenser, anode, lens ya electronique na coil.Anode irahagaze, cathode ihujwe numwanya muremure wo hejuru, urumuri rwibanze rusanzwe rufite ubushobozi bumwe na cathode, kandi hashyizweho umurima wamashanyarazi wihuta hagati ya cathode na anode.Electron zasohowe na cathode zihuta kumuvuduko mwinshi cyane munsi yumurimo wumuriro wihuta wamashanyarazi, wibanda kumurongo wa electromagnetic, hanyuma ukagenzurwa na coil de deflection, kugirango urumuri rwa electron rwerekejwe kubintu bishyushye mubintu runaka icyerekezo.
Ibyiza byo gushyushya urumuri rwa electron ni: (1) Mugenzura agaciro kagezweho Ie yumurongo wa electron, imbaraga zo gushyushya zirashobora guhinduka byoroshye kandi vuba;.Ongera ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi kugirango ibikoresho biri hejuru y’ibisasu bigahita bishira.

Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru

Gukoresha imirasire ya infragre kugirango imurikire ibintu, nyuma yikintu kimaze kwinjiza imirasire yimirasire, ihindura ingufu zumuriro imbaraga zubushyuhe kandi igashyuha.
Infrared numuyoboro wa electroniki.Mu zuba ryizuba, hanze yumutuku utukura wumucyo ugaragara, ni ingufu zitagaragara.Muri ecran ya electromagnetique, uburebure bwumurambararo wimirasire yimirasire iri hagati ya 0,75 na 1000 microne, naho intera iri hagati ya 3 × 10 na 4 × 10 Hz.Mu nganda zikoreshwa mu nganda, infrarafarike ikunze kugabanywamo imirongo myinshi: micron 0,75-3.0 ni uturere twa infragre;3.0-6.0 microns ni uturere twa infragre;Micron 6.0-15.0 ni uturere twa kure cyane;15.0-1000 microne ni uturere twinshi cyane.Ibintu bitandukanye bifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo gukurura imirasire yimirasire, ndetse nikintu kimwe gifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo kwinjiza imirasire yimirasire yuburebure butandukanye.Kubwibyo rero, mugukoresha ubushyuhe bwa infragre, hagomba gutoranywa isoko yimirasire ikwiranye nubwoko bwikintu gishyushye, kugirango ingufu zimirasire yibanda kumurongo winjiza wikintu gishyushye, kugirango ubone ubushyuhe bwiza Ingaruka.
Ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi mubyukuri nuburyo bwihariye bwo gushyushya ubukana, ni ukuvuga inkomoko yimirasire ikozwe mubikoresho nka tungsten, fer-nikel cyangwa nikel-chromium alloy nka radiator.Iyo ifite ingufu, itanga imirasire yubushyuhe bitewe nubushyuhe bwayo.Amashanyarazi akoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi ni ubwoko bwamatara (ubwoko bwerekana), ubwoko bwa tube (ubwoko bwa quartz tube) nubwoko bwa plaque (ubwoko bwa planar).Ubwoko bw'itara ni itara ridafite urumuri hamwe na tungsten filament nka radiator, kandi tungsten filament ifunze mugikonoshwa cyikirahure cyuzuye gaze ya inert, kimwe nigitara gisanzwe.Imirasire imaze gushyirwamo ingufu, itanga ubushyuhe (ubushyuhe buri munsi yubushyuhe bwamatara rusange), bityo ikarekura imirasire myinshi yimirasire hamwe nuburebure bwa microne 1,2.Niba urwego rugaragaza rushyizwe hejuru kurukuta rwimbere rwikirahure, imirasire yimirasire irashobora guhurizwa hamwe no kumurika mubyerekezo kimwe, bityo inkomoko yimirasire yubwoko bwamatara nayo yitwa radiator yerekana.Umuyoboro wubwoko bwimirasire yimirasire ikozwe mubirahuri bya quartz hamwe ninsinga ya tungsten hagati, bityo nanone yitwa quartz tube-type infrared radiator.Uburebure bwumucyo wumucyo utangwa nubwoko bwamatara nubwoko bwa tube buri hagati ya micron 0.7 kugeza 3, kandi ubushyuhe bwakazi buri hasi.Ubuso bwimirasire yububiko bwa plaque-infrarafarike ni imirasire iringaniye, igizwe nisahani irwanya.Imbere yisahani irwanya yometseho ibikoresho bifite coefficient nini yo kugaragariza, naho uruhande rwinyuma rushyizwe hamwe nibikoresho bifite coefficente ntoya yo kwerekana, bityo ingufu nyinshi zubushyuhe ziva imbere.Ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwubwoko bwa plaque burashobora kugera hejuru ya 1000 and, kandi burashobora gukoreshwa muguhuza ibikoresho byibyuma hamwe no gusudira imiyoboro minini ya diameter hamwe na kontineri.
Kubera ko imirasire yimirasire ifite imbaraga zo gucengera, zinjizwa byoroshye nibintu, kandi iyo zimaze kwinjizwa nibintu, zihita zihinduka ingufu zubushyuhe;gutakaza ingufu mbere na nyuma yo gushyushya infragre ni nto, ubushyuhe buroroshye kugenzura, kandi ubushyuhe burahari.Kubwibyo, ikoreshwa ryubushyuhe bwa infragre ryateye imbere byihuse.

Gushyushya Hagati

Ibikoresho byo gukingura bishyushya n'umuriro mwinshi w'amashanyarazi.Ikintu nyamukuru gishyushya ni dielectric.Iyo dielectric ishyizwe mumashanyarazi isimburana, izajya iba polarize inshuro nyinshi (munsi yumurimo wumuriro wamashanyarazi, hejuru cyangwa imbere ya dielectric izaba ifite amafaranga angana kandi atandukanye), bityo bigahindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi. ingufu z'ubushyuhe.
Inshuro z'umuriro w'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu gushyushya dielectric ni nyinshi cyane.Mugihe giciriritse, kigufi-na-ultra-short-wave-bande, inshuro ziva kuri kilohertz ijana kugeza kuri 300 MHz, ibyo bita ubushyuhe bwo hagati bwo gushyushya.Niba iri hejuru ya 300 MHz kandi ikagera kuri bande ya microwave, yitwa microwave yo gushyushya.Ubusanzwe gushyushya dielectric yumuriro mwinshi bikorerwa mumashanyarazi hagati yamasahani abiri ya polar;mugihe ubushyuhe bwa microwave dielectric bukorerwa mumurongo wamazi, umwobo wa resonant cyangwa munsi ya irrasi yumurima wimirase ya antenna ya microwave.
Iyo dielectric yashyutswe mumashanyarazi yumurongo mwinshi, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zinjizwa mubunini bwa P = 0.566fEεrtgδ × 10 (W / cm)
Niba bigaragajwe mubijyanye n'ubushyuhe, byaba:
H = 1.33fEεrtgδ × 10 (cal / sec · cm)
aho f ni inshuro yumuriro mwinshi wumuriro w'amashanyarazi, εr nigereranya ryemewe rya dielectric, δ ni inguni ya dielectric, na E nimbaraga zumuriro wamashanyarazi.Birashobora kugaragara uhereye kuri formula ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi zinjizwa na dielectric ziva mumashanyarazi yumuriro mwinshi zingana na kare kwingufu zumuriro w'amashanyarazi E, inshuro f yumurima wamashanyarazi, hamwe nigihombo δ cya dielectric .E na f bigenwa numuriro wamashanyarazi washyizweho, mugihe εr biterwa nimiterere ya dielectric ubwayo.Kubwibyo, ibintu byo gushyushya hagati ni ibintu bifite igihombo kinini.
Mu gushyushya dielectric, kubera ko ubushyuhe butangirwa imbere muri dielectric (ikintu kigomba gushyuha), umuvuduko wo gushyuha urihuta, ubushyuhe bwumuriro buri hejuru, kandi gushyushya ni kimwe ugereranije nubushyuhe bwo hanze.
Gushyushya itangazamakuru birashobora gukoreshwa mu nganda gushyushya gele yumuriro, ingano zumye, impapuro, ibiti, nibindi bikoresho bya fibrous;irashobora kandi gushyushya plastike mbere yo kubumba, kimwe na rubber vulcanisation no guhuza ibiti, plastike, nibindi. Hitamo umurongo wumuriro wumuriro wamashanyarazi hamwe nibikoresho, birashoboka gushyushya ibiti gusa mugihe ushyushya pani, bitagize ingaruka kuri pani ubwayo .Kubikoresho bimwe, gushyushya byinshi birashoboka.

Jiangsu Weineng Electric Co., Ltd ni uruganda rukora umwuga wubwoko butandukanye bwamashanyarazi yinganda, ibintu byose byateganijwe muruganda rwacu, ushobora gusaba kubisangiza neza ibisabwa byawe, hanyuma dushobora kugenzura muburyo burambuye hanyuma tugukorera igishushanyo cyawe.

Twandikire: Lorena
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